1. What is Regression Testing? When we do Regression Testing? and Why Regression Testing?
Answer: Re-execution of same test cases on different builds or releases to ensure changes made has not introduced a defect in the unchanged features of the application.
2. What is difference Re-testing Vs Regression Testing?
Answer:
Re-Testing: After a defect is detected and fixed, the software should be retested to confirm that the original defect has been successfully removed. This is called Confirmation Testing or Re-Testing.
Regression testing: Testing your software application when it undergoes a code change to ensure that the new code has not affected other parts of the software.
3. What is Integration Testing?
Answer: Testing the data-flow between 2 features or 2 modules is called as integration testing. Once all the individual units are created and tested, we start combining those “Unit Tested” modules and start doing the integrated testing. So the meaning of Integration testing is quite straightforward- Integrate/combine the unit tested module one by one and test the behaviour as a combined unit.
The main function or goal of Integration testing is to test the interfaces between the units/modules.
4. What is Approaches/Methodologies/Strategies of Integration Testing?
Answer: The Software Industry uses variety of strategies to execute Integration testing , viz. Big Bang Approach : Incremental Approach: which is further divided into Top Down Approach and Bottom Up Approach, Sandwich Approach – Combination of Top Down and Bottom Up.
5. What is Traceability Matrix and Explain RTM and Why RTM?
Answer: Requirement Traceability Matrix or RTM is a document that maps and traces user requirement with test cases. The main purpose of Requirement Traceability Matrix is to see that all test cases are covered so that no functionality should miss while doing Software testing.
<h3>5 Top Benefits of Using a Traceability Matrix</h3>
• Save Time Now — and Later
• Ensure Requirements Are Implemented
• Get ‘Free’ Requirement Verification
• Improve Change Management
• Provide Evidence of Risk Mitigation
6. What is Entry and Exit Criteria?
Answer:
Entry criterion is used to determine when a given test activity should start. It also includes the beginning of a level of testing, when test design or when test execution is ready to start.
<strong>Examples for Entry Criterion:</strong>
• Verify if the Test environment is available and ready for use.
• Verify if test tools installed in the environment are ready for use.
• Verify if Testable code is available.
• Verify if Test Data is available and validated for correctness of Data.
Exit criterion is used to determine whether a given test activity has been completed or NOT. Exit criteria can be defined for all of the test activities right from planning, specification and execution. Exit criterion should be part of test plan and decided in the planning stage.
<strong>Examples of Exit Criteria:</strong>
• Verify if All tests planned have been run.
• Verify if the level of requirement coverage has been met.
• Verify if there are NO Critical or high severity defects that are left outstanding.
• Verify if all high risk areas are completely tested.
• Verify if software development activities are completed within the projected cost.
• Verify if software development activities are completed within the projected timelines.
7. What is System Testing?
Answer: System testing is the type of testing to check the behavior of a complete and fully integrated software product based on the software requirements specification (SRS) document. The main focus of this testing is to evaluate Business / Functional / End-user requirements. It focuses on testing the system as a whole.
8. What do you verify in System Testing ?
Answer: System Testing enables us to test, validate and verify both the Application Architecture and Business requirements.
9. What is Defect Life Cycle?
Defect life cycle, also known as Bug Life cycle is the journey of a defect cycle, which a defect goes through during its lifetime. It varies from organization to organization and also from project to project as it is governed by the software testing process and also depends upon the tools used.
10. What is difference b/w Defect and Bug and Error?
Defect: The variation between the actual results and expected results is known as defect. If a developer finds an issue and corrects it by himself in the development phase then it’s called a defect.
Bug: If testers find any mismatch in the application/system in testing phase then they call it as Bug.
Error: We can’t compile or run a program due to coding mistake in a program. If a developer unable to successfully compile or run a program then they call it as an error.
11. What is Smoke Testing and Sanity Testing and why we do and when we do? Difference ?
<strong>Smoke Testing:</strong> is a kind of Software Testing performed after software build to ascertain that the critical functionalities of the program is working fine. It is executed “before” any detailed functional or regression tests are executed on the software build. The purpose is to reject a badly broken application, so that the QA team does not waste time installing and testing the software application.
In Smoke Testing, the test cases chosen cover the most important functionality or component of the system. The objective is not to perform exhaustive testing, but to verify that the critical functionalities of the system is working fine.
For Example a typical smoke test would be – Verify that the application launches successfully, Check that the GUI is responsive … etc.
<strong>Sanity testing:</strong> is a kind of Software Testing performed after receiving a software build, with minor changes in code, or functionality, to ascertain that the bugs have been fixed and no further issues are introduced due to these changes. The goal is to determine that the proposed functionality works roughly as expected. If sanity test fails, the build is rejected to save the time and costs involved in a more rigorous testing.
The objective is “not” to verify thoroughly the new functionality, but to determine that the developer has applied some rationality (sanity) while producing the software. For instance, if your scientific calculator gives the result of 2 + 2 =5! Then, there is no point testing the advanced functionalities like sin 30 + cos 50.
<hr>
<h2>🔥 Latest 2025 Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers & Experienced (2-5 Years)</h2>
<h3>📌 Trending Manual Testing Questions 2025</h3>
<strong>12. What is Shift-Left Testing and how does it impact manual testing in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Shift-Left Testing is a practice of moving testing activities earlier in the software development lifecycle. In 2025, manual testers are increasingly involved in:
• Requirements review and validation
• Early test case design during development phase
• API testing using tools like Postman
• Collaboration with developers for unit test coverage
• User story acceptance criteria validation
<strong>13. How do you perform Cross-Browser Testing for modern web applications in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Cross-browser testing in 2025 focuses on:
• Testing across Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, and mobile browsers
• Responsive design testing for different screen sizes
• Progressive Web App (PWA) functionality validation
• Browser-specific features like dark mode, accessibility
• Performance testing across different browsers
• Tools used: BrowserStack, LambdaTest, CrossBrowserTesting
<strong>14. What is API Testing and how do manual testers validate APIs in 2025?</strong>
Answer: API Testing validates Application Programming Interfaces. Manual testers in 2025 perform:
• REST API testing using Postman, Insomnia
• JSON/XML response validation
• HTTP status codes verification (200, 400, 401, 500)
• Authentication testing (OAuth, JWT tokens)
• Rate limiting and throttling validation
• GraphQL API testing
• Microservices testing
<strong>15. Explain Accessibility Testing and its importance in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Accessibility Testing ensures applications are usable by people with disabilities. Key aspects:
• WCAG 2.1 compliance testing
• Screen reader compatibility (NVDA, JAWS)
• Keyboard navigation testing
• Color contrast validation
• Alt text for images verification
• Tools: axe-core, WAVE, Lighthouse accessibility audit
• Legal compliance (ADA, Section 508)
<h3>🚀 Real-World Scenario Questions 2025</h3>
<strong>16. How would you test a Payment Gateway integration for an e-commerce application?</strong>
Answer: Payment gateway testing involves:
• Valid/Invalid card number testing
• Different payment methods (Credit, Debit, UPI, Wallets)
• Currency conversion testing
• Payment failure scenarios
• Refund process validation
• Security testing for PCI DSS compliance
• Transaction timeout handling
• 3D Secure authentication testing
<strong>17. How do you test a Video Streaming Application like Netflix/YouTube?</strong>
Answer: Video streaming testing includes:
• Video quality testing (480p, 720p, 1080p, 4K)
• Buffering and loading time validation
• Subtitle and audio synchronization
• Multiple device testing (TV, mobile, desktop)
• Network condition testing (3G, 4G, WiFi)
• Content recommendation algorithm testing
• User profile and parental control features
<strong>18. Describe Mobile App Testing strategy for Android/iOS in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Mobile app testing strategy:
• Device compatibility testing across Android/iOS versions
• Touch gesture testing (swipe, pinch, zoom)
• Battery consumption testing
• Network switching testing (WiFi to mobile data)
• App store compliance testing
• Push notification testing
• Offline functionality validation
• App performance on low-end devices
<h3>🔧 Modern Testing Tools & Techniques 2025</h3>
<strong>19. What is Exploratory Testing and how has it evolved in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Exploratory Testing is simultaneous learning, test design, and execution. In 2025:
• Session-based test management (SBTM)
• Charter-driven exploration
• Mind mapping for test ideas
• Risk-based exploratory testing
• Integration with test management tools
• Documentation using screen recordings
• Collaborative exploratory sessions
<strong>20. How do you perform Database Testing for modern applications?</strong>
Answer: Database testing in 2025 covers:
• NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Cassandra)
• CRUD operations validation
• Data integrity and consistency checks
• Performance testing for large datasets
• Backup and recovery testing
• Data migration validation
• SQL injection security testing
• Cloud database testing (AWS RDS, Azure SQL)
<strong>21. What is Usability Testing and its key metrics in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Usability testing measures user experience:
• Task completion rate
• Time on task
• Error rate and recovery
• User satisfaction scores (SUS)
• Navigation efficiency
• A/B testing for UI elements
• Heat map analysis
• User journey mapping
<h3>📊 Advanced Testing Concepts 2025</h3>
<strong>22. Explain Test Data Management strategies for 2025?</strong>
Answer: Test data management includes:
• Synthetic test data generation
• Data masking for sensitive information
• Test data versioning and backup
• Cloud-based test data provisioning
• GDPR compliance for test data
• Test data refresh automation
• Environment-specific data setup
<strong>23. How do you handle Microservices Testing?</strong>
Answer: Microservices testing approach:
• Individual service testing
• Contract testing between services
• Service mesh testing
• API gateway validation
• Inter-service communication testing
• Distributed tracing validation
• Chaos engineering testing
• Container testing (Docker/Kubernetes)
<strong>24. What is Risk-Based Testing and its implementation in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Risk-based testing prioritizes testing based on risk assessment:
• Business impact analysis
• Technical risk evaluation
• Probability and impact matrix
• Risk mitigation strategies
• Continuous risk assessment
• Stakeholder collaboration for risk identification
• Risk-based test case prioritization
<h3>🎯 Industry-Specific Testing Questions 2025</h3>
<strong>25. How do you test IoT (Internet of Things) applications?</strong>
Answer: IoT testing covers:
• Device connectivity testing
• Sensor data validation
• Network protocol testing (MQTT, CoAP)
• Real-time data processing
• Device firmware testing
• Security and privacy validation
• Scalability testing for multiple devices
• Edge computing functionality
<strong>26. Describe AI/ML Application Testing approaches?</strong>
Answer: AI/ML testing includes:
• Training data quality validation
• Model accuracy testing
• Bias detection in algorithms
• A/B testing for model versions
• Performance testing for inference
• Data drift monitoring
• Explainability testing
• Ethical AI compliance
<strong>27. How do you test Blockchain applications?</strong>
Answer: Blockchain testing involves:
• Smart contract functionality
• Transaction validation
• Consensus mechanism testing
• Wallet integration testing
• Cryptocurrency transaction testing
• Security vulnerability assessment
• Network performance testing
• Regulatory compliance validation
<h3>📝 Career Growth Questions for 2025</h3>
<strong>28. What skills should a Manual Tester develop for career growth in 2025?</strong>
Answer: Essential skills for 2025:
• API testing and automation basics
• Cloud testing (AWS, Azure, GCP)
• Security testing fundamentals
• Performance testing concepts
• Agile/DevOps methodologies
• Test management tools (Jira, Azure DevOps)
• Basic programming knowledge (Python, JavaScript)
• AI/ML testing concepts
<strong>29. How do you ensure Quality in Agile/DevOps environments?</strong>
Answer: Quality assurance in Agile/DevOps:
• Continuous testing practices
• Sprint-based test planning
• Definition of Done criteria
• Early feedback loops
• Test automation integration
• Risk-based testing approaches
• Collaboration with cross-functional teams
• Metrics-driven quality assessment
<strong>30. What are the latest trends in Manual Testing for 2025?</strong>
Answer: Latest trends include:
• AI-powered test case generation
• Low-code/No-code testing tools
• Visual testing and image comparison
• Voice and conversational UI testing
• Quantum computing application testing
• Sustainability testing for green IT
• Remote testing collaboration tools
• Continuous accessibility testing
<hr>
<h3>💡 Quick Interview Tips for 2025</h3>
<strong>For Freshers:</strong>
• Focus on manual testing fundamentals
• Practice writing test cases for real applications
• Learn basic automation concepts
• Understand Agile methodology
• Practice API testing with Postman
<strong>For Experienced (2-5 years):</strong>
• Demonstrate leadership in testing activities
• Show experience with modern testing tools
• Explain complex testing scenarios you’ve handled
• Discuss process improvements you’ve implemented
• Share knowledge of industry-specific testing
<hr>
<h3>🔗 Related Topics to Explore</h3>
• Advanced Test Case Design Techniques
• Performance Testing Fundamentals
• Security Testing Best Practices
• Cloud Testing Strategies
• Test Automation Roadmap
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<em>Last Updated: October 2025 | Keep practicing and stay updated with the latest testing trends!</em>